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https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JRFF/article/view/17814
Freemasonry and the Indian Parsi Community: A Late Meeting On the Level.
Issued Date: 15 Oct 2013
Abstract
Following closely in the wake of British imperialism, the first Indian lodge was constituted in 1730, by officials of the East India Company based in Fort William, Calcutta. From there, masonic lodges started to spawn in the other urban centres and army cantonments of the fast-expanding Indian Empire. As the native elites started expressing a growing interest in joining, India became a testing ground on which freemasonry, initially an all-white organization, could experiment its universal creed. The first Indian to become a mason was Umdat-ul-Umrah Bahadur, son of the powerful Nawab of the Carnatic. Following his lead, a handful of muslim noblemen were able to gain access to the fraternity. Local masons appeared to be more willing to fraternize with the Muslim. But in the 1840s, this pattern was somehow overturned, as the Parsi community grew to become the most represented group within Indian lodges. This paper seeks to examine the foundations of this newly acquired eligibility.
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Fozdar, Vahid Jalil, ‘Constructing the “Brother”: Freemasonry, Empire, and Nationalism in India, 1840-1925’. PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2001.
Gould, Robert Freke, The History of Freemasonry: its Antiquities, Symbols, Constitutions, Customs, etc. : Embracing an Investigation of the Records of the Organisations of the Fraternity in England, Scotland, Ireland, British Colonies, France, Germany, and the United States Derived from Official Source, Vol. IV. London: Caxton, 1900.
Grant, John, Letter to the United Grand Lodge of England, 17 April 1841 (United Grand Lodge of England archives: Indian Correspondance, GBR 1991 HC 17/D/25).
Guha, Alamenda, ‘Parsi Seths and Entrepreneurs’. The Economic and Political Weekly 5.35 (1970): 107-115.
Harland-Jacobs, Jessica. Builders of Empire: Freemasonry and British Imperialism, 1717-1927. Give city, NC: University Press,give full name 2007.
Hopwood, J.S.S. and James Mason, ‘Report of the Colonial Board’. The Masonic Record of Western India, 1.1 (1865): 364-70.
Hyam, Ronald, Britain’s Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403918420
Kennedy, Robert E., ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis’. American Journal of Sociology 68.1 (1962): 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/223262
Letter from the Provincial Grand Lodge of Bombay to the United Grand Lodge of England, 13 May 1864 (United Grand Lodge of England archives: Indian Correspondence, unreferenced material).
Letter from the United Grand Lodge of England to the Provincial Grand Lodge of Bengal, 2 July 1842 (United Grand Lodge of England archives: Indian Correspondence, GBR 1991 HC 17/D/28).
Luhrmann, T.M., The Good Parsi: the Fate of a Colonial Elite in Postcolonial Society. Harvard: University Press,= Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,? 1996.
Lynn, Martin, ‘British Policy, Trade, and Informal Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’. In The Oxford Dictionary of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter, 101-21. Oxford: University Press, Oxford: Oxford University Press?1999.
Metcalf, Thomas R., Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: University Press, = Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,?1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521395472
Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Bengal, 27 December, 1841 (United Grand Lodge of England archives: Indian Correspondence, GBR 1991 HC 17/D/26).
Ramanna, Mridula, ‘Social Background of the Educated in Bombay City: 1824-58’. The Economic and Political Weekly 24.4 (1989): 203-11.
Révauger, Cécile, ‘La Franc-maçonnerie en Grande-Bretagne et dans l’Amérique Révolutionnaire: 1717-1813’. PhD diss., Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3, 1987.
Robinson, Ronald, ‘Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration’. In Studies in the Theory of Imperialism, eds Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe, 117-42. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1972.
Wadia, D.F., History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No. 342 S.C. Bombay: British India Press, 1912.
Walker, G.E., ‘250 Years of Masonry in India’. Quatuor Coronatorum 92 (1979): 172-89.
Washbrook, D.A., ‘India, 1818-1860: the Two Faces of Colonialism’. In The Oxford Dictionary of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter, 395-421. Oxford: Oxford? University Press, 1999.
Woodford, A.F.A., ed. The Constitution Book of 1723. The Wilson M.S. Constitution. London: Kenning’s Masonic Archeological Library (London: Kenning’s Masonic Archeological Library, 1888), 58.
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